By Sofia Christensen
BANJUL (Reuters) – For Mariama Jarjou, taking her two daughters to a standard circumciser once they had been 5 and 4 was an act of affection – a painful however necessary ritual that might give them standing of their village and make them eligible for marriage.
An uncut lady is a “solima” within the native Mandinka language in Gambia. Individuals will inform her she smells dangerous, mentioned Jarjou, who’s now in her 50s. Nobody will eat the meals she cooks, be her good friend or need her as a spouse.
Few dared query Gambia’s former dictator, Yahya Jammeh, when he outlawed feminine genital mutilation (FGM) over a decade later, in 2015, saying it was not required by Islam, the nation’s majority faith. However at the moment, Jarjou strongly helps an try in parliament to repeal the ban.
If it succeeds, Gambia, a small West African nation of fewer than 3 million individuals, can be the primary nation on the earth to make FGM authorized once more after outlawing it. A closing vote is predicted on July 24.
“If we stop (FGM), women will suffer … and our children will not know our culture,” Jarjou mentioned.
Banned in over 70 international locations worldwide, FGM stays widespread in some African nations and diaspora communities. An estimated 144 million ladies and women on the continent have been subjected to the follow, which often entails the partial or whole removing of the exterior genitalia.
The results are lifelong and may embrace persistent ache; recurring infections; issues with urination, menstruation and childbirth; ache throughout sexual activity and trauma. The World Well being Group says FGM brings no well being advantages, solely hurt.
In Gambia, many individuals proceed to take women to be minimize regardless of the ban, which authorities haven’t enforced significantly, anti-FGM campaigners say.
Virtually three-quarters of girls aged 15 to 49 have undergone the follow, 65% of them once they had been youthful than 5, based on the most recent authorities well being survey in 2019-2020. The determine drops to round 46% for women beneath 15, the survey discovered.
The primary FGM convictions got here eight years after the ban was launched, in 2023, when three ladies had been discovered responsible of reducing eight toddler women. This sparked a public debate in regards to the follow for the primary time in Gambia, one which has divided villages and households, and now parliament.
“People are pushing and pulling. Some say it’s good; some say it’s not,” mentioned one among Jarjou’s daughters, Jainaba Ndure.
“I think it’s not good,” Ndure added out of her mom’s earshot, saying she feared having youngsters can be painful.
Now 28, Ndure learnt via NGO-led advocacy in regards to the dangerous penalties of FGM on ladies’s well being. She famous that elders like Jarjou can really feel offended by such campaigns.
“They say they are showing us bad pictures,” she mentioned, referring to diagrams of girls’s reproductive organs.
CAREER BOOST
The transfer to repeal the FGM ban is being spearheaded by two highly effective males: Abdoulie Fatty, an influential Muslim cleric, and Almaneh Gibba, an impartial lawmaker representing a rural constituency the place the follow is widespread.
Fatty publicly defended the three convicted ladies and paid their fines, urging the federal government to rethink the ban in televised speeches and sermons. Gibba, a vocal authorities critic, launched the repeal invoice in parliament seven months later.
“Enough is enough,” Gibba informed Reuters. “We will only be free if we repeal it.”
The invoice’s supporters in Gambia have framed their marketing campaign as a backlash towards what they describe as Western values being imposed by worldwide donors or former colonial powers, a theme that resonates with many Africans. Additionally they argue that the follow is rooted in Islam, the faith of round 96% of Gambians, although many imams and Islamic students dispute this.
For Fatty, a former state imam beneath Jammeh with no position within the present authorities, and Gibba, who was beforehand little identified exterior his constituency, the talk has been a profession increase.
“They can just jump on a very controversial issue, and they will be well-known,” mentioned Satang Nabaneh, a Gambian authorized scholar.
Each males rejected recommendations their marketing campaign was opportunistic. Fatty mentioned he had no real interest in politics, whereas Gibba mentioned he was upholding faith, tradition and custom.
Rights advocates worry the invoice’s potential to ignite a wider effort to dismantle protections for ladies and women.
“If they succeed today, the next day the bill will be on child marriage, then the next on gender-based violence,” mentioned Nafisa Binte Shafique, the UNICEF consultant in Gambia.
Rights advocates additionally fear Gambia’s invoice may encourage related laws in different African international locations with FGM bans. Kenya’s excessive courtroom rejected a petition to reverse its ban in 2021.
Gambia’s President Adama Barrow, whose election in 2016 ended greater than twenty years of oppressive rule beneath Jammeh, mentioned his authorities would proceed imposing the ban whereas the invoice works its means via parliament. The federal government doesn’t assist FGM however will enable democracy to run its course, Data Minister Ismaila Ceesay informed Reuters.
The invoice handed its second studying in March with solely 5 out of 53 lawmakers voting towards it and one abstaining. Out of 5 feminine lawmakers, 4 voted in favour and one towards. None agreed to be interviewed.
However after holding weeks of public hearings, parliament’s well being and gender affairs committees introduced a joint report on July 8 recommending that Gambia preserve the ban.
The report described FGM as a “form of torture” and “discrimination against women”, drawing an indignant response from Gibba, who mentioned the findings betrayed the belief of Muslims and conventional leaders.
After heated debate, lawmakers adopted the report by a vote of 35 to 17 with two abstentions.
Political analysts mentioned some lawmakers could have been swayed by testimonies from medical doctors and FGM survivors in regards to the dangerous penalties, however it was too quickly to inform what the ultimate vote can be.
Gibba stays assured the invoice will go, telling Reuters, “We are asking for freedom of choice.”
Lawmaker Gibbi Mballow opposed the invoice from the onset. He mentioned this was partly as a result of his 4 younger daughters underwent FGM with out his data whereas visiting his mom. He solely came upon when the youngest suffered such extreme bleeding she needed to be taken to hospital.
Mballow mentioned in his 15 years in parliament he had by no means seen a debate get as fierce as this one, including he acquired nameless loss of life threats for voting “no”.
“My political career is at risk,” mentioned Mballow. “Some of my colleagues are terrified.”
‘PAIN IS OK’
Within the village of Sintet, round 86 km (53 miles) east of the capital, Banjul, ladies of all ages and a handful of males gathered in a circle one June morning beneath a tall mango tree.
Fatou Baldeh, an anti-FGM activist, stood within the center, cradling a girl’s child as she mediated a dialogue in regards to the follow in her native village.
There have been women and men on each side of the talk, sharing private tales and arguments. One younger man mentioned he wished he may make intercourse painless for his spouse.
Baldeh, who was subjected to FGM when she was 8, described the psychological associations a younger lady could make when individuals she loves and trusts take her to an thrilling occasion that turns right into a nightmare.
“You are teaching me as a young girl that pain is OK,” she mentioned, including that women are additionally informed to maintain quiet about their trauma, laying the foundations for a tradition of silence.
Baldeh informed Reuters that studying about FGM as it’s described by some help teams felt insulting at first. Different ladies mentioned they didn’t just like the language used to explain their our bodies and experiences.
The time period FGM covers a variety of procedures. In Gambia, 73% of girls who’ve skilled it had their clitoris eliminated together with different flesh, based on authorities figures, whereas 17% underwent a follow referred to as infibulation, which entails narrowing the vaginal opening by making a protecting seal.
For Hawa Jallow, who spent years reducing younger women across the rural city of Bansang, her position upholding the custom was a supply of satisfaction.
“If you don’t have a certain type of intelligence, you cannot do it,” mentioned Jallow, 45, who learnt the follow from her late mom.
After FGM was banned, an NGO employed her to handle the neighborhood’s HIV medicine, which she retains in a dusty metal cupboard in her workplace. However she mentioned she helps the transfer to make the follow authorized once more, arguing it solely causes issues when individuals do it incorrectly, “just for money”.
Ladies like Jallow are extremely revered of their communities. They continue to be near the households of the ladies they minimize, who seek the advice of them for well being, religious and marital recommendation, anti-FGM campaigners say.
Many Gambians had been shaken when three such ladies had been arrested and fined, choices that ignited protests each for and towards repealing the ban.
Campaigners say these convictions had been outliers.
Fatou Sakho, a 34-year-old librarian, was horrified when she learnt final October that her ex-husband’s household had taken their daughter to be minimize with out her consent.
She has been making an attempt to take the individuals accountable to courtroom, spending months gathering proof and urgent police to take motion. However regardless of her efforts, nobody has been charged.
The try and reverse the ban compounds her despair.
“I can’t find the right words for my anger and frustration towards that bill,” she mentioned. “I will never understand why grown men find it so important to discuss and fight over … how to cut off female genitalia.”
