The Delta variant of the coronavirus was the leading reason that people decided to get vaccinated against Covid-19 this summer and why most say they will get boosters when eligible, according to the latest monthly survey on vaccine attitudes by the Kaiser Family Foundation, released on Tuesday morning. But the survey indicated that nearly three-quarters of unvaccinated Americans view boosters very differently, saying that the need for them shows that the vaccines are not working.
That divide suggests that while it may be relatively easy to persuade vaccinated people to line up for an additional shot, the need for boosters may complicate public health officials’ efforts to persuade the remaining unvaccinated people to get their initial one.
Another takeaway from the Kaiser Family Foundation survey: For all the carrots dangled to induce hesitant people to get Covid shots — cash, doughnuts, racetrack privileges — more credit for the recent rise in vaccination goes to the stick. Almost 40 percent of newly inoculated people said that they had sought the vaccines because of the increase in Covid cases, and more than a third said that they had become alarmed by overcrowding in local hospitals and rising death rates.
“When a theoretical threat becomes a clear and present danger, people are more likely to act to protect themselves and their loved ones,” said Drew Altman, the Kaiser Family Foundation’s chief executive.
The nationally representative survey of 1,519 people was conducted from Sept. 13-22 — during a time of surging Covid deaths, but before the government authorized boosters for millions of high-risk people who had received the Pfizer-BioNTech shot, including those 65 and over and adults of any age whose job puts them at high risk of infection.
Sweeteners did have some role in getting shots in arms. One-third of respondents said that they had gotten vaccinated to travel or attend events where the shots were required.
Two reasons often cited as important for motivating those hesitant to get a vaccine — employer mandates (about 20 percent) and full federal approval for the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine (15 percent) — carried less sway.
Seventy-two percent of adults in the survey said that they were at least partly vaccinated, up from 67 percent in late July. The latest numbers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are even higher, reporting 77 percent of the adult population in the United States with at least one shot. The sharpest change in this month was in vaccination rates for Latinos: a jump of 12 percentage points since late July, to 73 percent, in the number of Latino adults who had received at least one shot.
With the vaccination racial gap narrowing, the political divide has, by far, become the widest, with 90 percent of Democrats saying that they have gotten at least one dose, compared with 58 percent of Republicans.
Perhaps reflecting pandemic fatigue, about eight in 10 adults said that they believed Covid was now a permanent fixture of the health landscape. Just 14 percent said that they thought “it will be largely eliminated in the U.S., like polio.”
Pfizer and BioNTech announced on Tuesday that they had submitted data to the Food and Drug Administration that the companies said showed their coronavirus vaccine is safe and effective in children ages 5 to 11.
The companies said they would submit a formal request to regulators to allow a pediatric dose of their vaccine to be administered in the United States in the coming weeks. Similar requests will be filed with European regulators and in other countries.
The announcement, coming as U.S. schools have resumed amid a ferocious wave of the highly contagious Delta variant, brings many parents another step closer to the likelihood of a coronavirus vaccine for their children.
Asked on Tuesday when the vaccine might be cleared for children, Pfizer’s chief executive, Dr. Albert Bourla, said he did not want to pre-empt regulators.
“It’s not appropriate for me to comment how long F.D.A. would take to review the data,” Dr. Bourla said in an appearance at the Atlantic Festival, hosted by The Atlantic magazine. “They should take as much time as they think is appropriate for them.” He added that an authorization around Halloween, as some health officials have suggested could be possible, was “one of the options, and it’s up to the F.D.A.”
Just over a week ago, Pfizer and BioNTech announced favorable results from their clinical trial with more than 2,200 participants in that age group. The F.D.A. has said it will analyze the data as soon as possible. Dr. Peter Marks, the agency’s top vaccine regulator, said recently that barring “surprises,” an authorization could come in “a matter of weeks, not months” after the companies submitted data.
The companies said last week that their vaccine had been shown to be safe and effective in low doses in children ages 5 to 11, offering hope to parents in the United States who are worried that a return to in-person schooling has put children at risk of infection.
About 28 million children ages 5 to 11 would be eligible for the vaccine in the United States, far more than the 17 million of ages 12 to 15 who became eligible for the vaccine in May.
But it is not clear how many in the younger cohort will be vaccinated. Inoculations among older children have lagged: Only about 42 percent of children ages 12 to 15 have been fully vaccinated in the United States, compared with 66 percent of adults, according to federal data.
New York State’s pioneering effort to force health care workers to receive coronavirus vaccines appears to have pressured thousands of holdouts to receive last-minute shots, though hospitals and nursing homes continue to brace for potential staffing shortages should the mandate fall short, according to state and industry officials.
As the vaccination mandate went into full effect just after midnight on Monday, 92 percent of the state’s 600,000 hospital and nursing home workers had received at least one vaccine dose, state officials said.
The significant increase in the days before the deadline — just 84 percent of the state’s nursing home workers, for example, had received a vaccine dose as of five days ago — propelled New York’s health care workers into the highest tiers of vaccination rates among those workers nationally, and served as a positive sign that President Biden’s planned federal vaccination mandate for most health care workers might also buoy rates nationwide.
At the same time, at least eight lawsuits and several angry protests against mandates in New York served as a reminder that thousands of health care workers would likely resign or choose to be fired rather than get vaccinated.
Many hospitals and nursing homes were facing staffing shortages before the mandate took effect, for reasons including pandemic-related burnout and the high pay being offered to traveling nurses, meaning even minor staff losses because of vaccine resistance could put some patients at risk.
As a result, many health care facilities have braced themselves by activating emergency staffing plans, calling in volunteers and moving personnel to cover shifts.
Implementing the mandate has become a major test for Gov. Kathy Hochul, who took office in August and has made fighting Covid a top priority.
The governor declared a state of emergency late Monday night that will allow her to use the National Guard to fill staffing shortages at hospital and nursing homes if needed. She has also opened a crisis operations center for health care facilities to request help and waived licensing requirements to allow nurses and other health care workers from other states and countries to help out in New York.
“I‘m using the full power of the state of New York to ensure that we do everything to protect people,” Ms. Hochul said on Monday. “This is simple, common sense.”
New York is a bellwether of sorts for vaccine mandates, as a number of states have imposed similar requirements that take effect soon, including California, where health care workers must be fully vaccinated by Sept. 30. New York’s mandate is among the strictest, providing no option to test weekly rather than get vaccinated. It also allows no religious exemptions, though that is the subject of litigation.
In the New York City public hospital system, more than 8,000 workers were unvaccinated a week ago. By Monday morning, that number had dropped to about 5,000 — or just over 10 percent of the work force.
Dr. Mitchell Katz, the president of the system, said Tuesday that about 500 unvaccinated nurses were among the employees placed on unpaid leave on Tuesday, but that the system had enough staff and reinforcements to continue functioning safely.
LeBron James, the Los Angeles Lakers star, said Tuesday that he had been vaccinated against the coronavirus, after evading questions about his vaccination status last season. Several other high-profile N.B.A. players have resisted getting vaccinated ahead of the start of the N.B.A. season next month.
“I think everyone has their own choice to do what they feel is right for themselves and their family,” James said. “I know that I was very skeptical about it all, but after doing my research and things of that nature, I felt like it was best suited for not only me but for my family and my friends, and that’s why I decided to do it.”
James did not say which vaccine he had taken, or the number of doses he had received. He also said he would not use his platform to publicly encourage others to be vaccinated.
“We’re talking about individuals’ bodies,” he said. “We’re not talking about something that’s political or racism or police brutality and things of that nature.”
He added: “So I don’t feel like for me personally that I should get involved in what other people should do for their bodies and their livelihoods.”
Rob Pelinka, the general manager of the Lakers, said last week that he expects the team’s entire roster to be fully vaccinated ahead of its season opener against the Golden State Warriors on Oct. 19. Kent Bazemore, one of the team’s new players, said he was reluctant to be vaccinated before Pelinka persuaded him to receive his first dose.
Americans who received a third dose of a coronavirus vaccine in recent weeks reported side effects at roughly the same rates as they had after their second shots, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said on Tuesday, a reassuring sign about the safety of additional doses.
At the time of the C.D.C. study, which stretched from mid-August to mid-September, additional vaccine doses were only authorized for people with compromised immune systems who had gotten two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccine. Last week, though, federal regulators authorized Pfizer booster shots for broad swaths of the general population, making the safety of the additional doses an issue of intense interest for health officials, doctors and ordinary Americans.
The C.D.C. analyzed how commonly people reported side effects after a third dose compared with a second among 12,600 recipients who had filled out surveys as part of a voluntary safety monitoring system.
Reactions at the injection site, like pain or swelling, were reported by 79.4 percent of recipients after a third vaccine dose, compared with 77.6 percent after a second dose. Slightly smaller numbers of people experienced systemic reactions, like a fever or headache: 74.1 percent of people reported those side effects after dose three, compared with 76.5 percent after dose two.
“Most reported local and systemic reactions were mild to moderate, transient, and most frequently reported the day after vaccination,” the study’s authors said.
The study focused on people who had received a third dose of the same vaccine that they had originally received, either from Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna. The C.D.C. said that too few people had reported receiving an additional dose of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine, or an additional dose from a different vaccine maker than they had originally received, to study those side effects.
The results reinforced findings from a small clinical trial of third shots of the Pfizer vaccine that the company’s scientists outlined to federal medical advisers last week. That trial, too, found that adverse reactions after a third dose were similar to those after a second.
While the C.D.C. study covered only a period when people with immune problems were eligible for additional doses, the data likely also included people without such conditions who had nevertheless received a third shot, the study’s authors wrote. In all, the study said, about 2.2 million people had received additional doses by Sept. 19, the end of the C.D.C. study period.
Harvard Business School announced on Monday that all first-year and some second-year graduate students will temporarily revert to remote learning after a recent surge in breakthrough cases driven by the Delta variant.
The shift to remote learning for the school, which is in Boston, Mass., will last through Oct. 3, said Mark Cautela, a spokesman for the business school.
“In recent days, we’ve seen a steady rise in breakthrough infections among our student population, despite high vaccination rates and frequent testing,” he said in a statement.
As of Sept. 22, 95 percent of students and 96 percent of employees at Harvard are fully vaccinated, according to data from the university.
“Contact tracers who have worked with positive cases highlight that transmission is not occurring in classrooms or other academic settings on campus,” Mr. Cautela said. “Nor is it occurring among individuals who are masked.”
The university has asked students to avoid unmasked indoor activities, group travel and gatherings with people outside their household.
The business school will begin testing all students three times a week, regardless of their vaccination status, Mr. Cautela said. Previously, unvaccinated students were being tested twice a week, and vaccinated students once a week, he said.
Graduate students have accounted for most of the recent positive cases at Harvard, according to the university’s Covid-19 dashboard. Over the past seven days, graduate students have comprised 51 of the 66 positive cases at the school.
Massachusetts has some of the highest vaccination rates in the country, with 77 percent of its population at least partly vaccinated and 68 percent fully vaccinated. New cases in the Boston area have been falling since a recent surge peaked in mid-September.
Japan is ending its state-of-emergency measures on Thursday amid a fall in the number of new daily coronavirus cases and a vaccine rollout that has reached nearly 60 percent of the population, hoping that the move helps to revive the country’s economy.
It will be the first time since April 4 that no part of Japan is under a state of emergency.
The move was announced by Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga on Tuesday, a day before a Liberal Democratic Party vote that will select a leader to succeed him. Mr. Suga said that he would not be extending the emergency measures currently active in 19 prefectures and that they would instead expire at the end of the month, as scheduled.
“Moving forward, we will continue to put the highest priority on the lives and livelihoods of the people,” Mr. Suga said in Parliament on Tuesday afternoon.
He said that the government would “work to continue to achieve both infection control and the recovery of daily life.”
New daily coronavirus cases in Japan have decreased 73 percent over the past two weeks, to an average of 2,378 a day, according to the Our World in Data project at the University of Oxford. And there has been a sharp improvement in Japan’s vaccine rollout, with close to 60 percent of the population fully inoculated, a rate that exceeds that of the United States and of many other countries around the Pacific Rim.
Under the state of emergency, people were urged to refrain from nonessential outings, and restaurants were asked to close by 8 p.m. and to not serve alcohol. The government plans to ease those restrictions in stages.
Yasutoshi Nishimura, a government minister who is leading Japan’s Covid-19 response, said that serving alcohol would be allowed but that “governors will decide on that appropriately, according to the region’s infection situation.”
Across the United States, local officials seeking to bolster Covid vaccination rates have offered a range of incentives, like grocery store gift cards, cash or free sports games tickets, to encourage people to get vaccinated. The role of these incentives is unclear — fear of getting sick seems to be more persuasive, according to some research — but health departments continue to dangle them.
And now that the latest phase of the vaccine rollout — Pfizer-BioNTech booster shots six months after the second dose for people over 65, those with medical conditions that put them at greater risk, and frontline workers — people may wonder if those incentives will apply to those shots as well.
In most places, health departments so far are saying no — but not everywhere.
New York City, for example, pays a cash incentive of $100 to people receiving their first dose of vaccine, but not their second or third.
“Whether in New York City or elsewhere in the country, the biggest challenge has been motivating people to come in for their first doses,” said Laura Feyer, a spokesperson for the mayor’s office. “The initial series is our primary focus, in order to reduce mortality rates.”
She added that with boosters so far only authorized for certain people who received the Pfizer vaccine, the future of booster accessibility remains unclear.
As some vaccinated Americans worry about the Delta variant of the coronavirus and wait impatiently for booster shots, experts have continued to emphasize that the key to tempering the virus’s impact is vaccinating the unvaccinated. But it is not clear how much difference incentives make. A survey released by the Kaiser Family Foundation on Tuesday found that few recent vaccine recipients mentioned incentives as a major reason. Far more cited fear of Delta, worry about overburdened hospitals or having known someone personally who died or became very ill with Covid-19.
In July, President Biden urged local and state governments to offer $100 to anyone willing to get vaccinated. But the president has not made the same suggestion for Pfizer booster shots, which were endorsed last week by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Other cities and counties across the country are, like New York, leaving boosters out of their incentive programs. On Friday, San Antonio began offering grocery store gift cards to people who get inoculated, but booster shots are excluded.
An incentive program recently passed by the City Council in Fayetteville, Ark., does not apply to the additional shots. There are no incentives offered for booster shots anywhere in Ohio, according to a spokeswoman for the state health department, or in Los Angeles County, according to its health officials.
One exception is Alachua County, Fla., where health officials made the rare choice to offer $25 gift cards to people receiving booster shots, as well as first or second shots.
“It was an easy choice,” said Mark Sexton, the communications director for the county. County officials decided to offer the incentive for booster shots, he said, in hopes of keeping as many Covid-19 patients out of the hospital as possible.
“We want to give our health care workers a break,” Mr. Sexton said, “because they’ve had a really tough time throughout the last year and a half, and in particular over the last two or three months.”
Syria is experiencing a major surge of coronavirus infections as depleted hospitals across the country find themselves ill equipped to deal with the worst influx of cases since the pandemic began, Syrian health officials and aid groups say.
Exacerbating the crisis is the toll of a decade of war that has ravaged the economy, heavily damaged the health infrastructure and left the territory divided between competing administrations.
The government of President Bashar al-Assad, which controls only about two-thirds of the country, said that new infections had reached daily levels this week of more than 440, the highest so far in the pandemic.
Hospitals in the capital, Damascus, and in the coastal city of Latakia have reached capacity and are sending patients elsewhere, health officials said.
Syria, a country of about 20 million people, has reported more than 32,000 cases and 2,100 deaths in government-controlled areas since the start of the pandemic, but outside experts say that those numbers fail to reflect the true toll, largely because of the lack of widespread testing.
Areas outside the government’s control have struggled, too.
Around Idlib Province in the northwest — the last pocket held by armed rebels and home to millions of people displaced from elsewhere in the country — new daily Covid cases rose by a factor of 10 from the start of August to early September, reaching more than 1,500 per day, according to the International Rescue Committee, a humanitarian group. The increase left clinics running low on test kits and oxygen, the group said.
Misinformation about vaccines has been rife in Idlib, with voice notes circulated on social media telling people that vaccines cause dangerous blood clots.
The area’s health facilities were on the verge of collapse even before the pandemic hit because of years of battles between rebels and government forces and frequent airstrikes by Syrian and Russian jets.
In Syria’s northeast, the Kurdish-led administration backed by the United States that runs the territory has announced new lockdowns after a rise in coronavirus infections there.
Vaccination campaigns have proceeded slowly in all parts of Syria, with 2 percent of the population having received a single dose and only 1.2 percent having received two doses, according to the World Health Organization.
Syria had been given about 730,000 vaccine doses through the United Nations-backed Covax program and other donations as of Sept. 19, the W.H.O. said.
This fall, there is a surreal swirl of newness and oldness in the hallways of John F. Kennedy High School: Black Lives Matter face masks and exhortations to pull them up — “Over your nose, please!” — but also ribbing and laughter, bells ringing, hall passes being checked and loudspeaker reminders about the dress code (collared black or navy shirts, and khaki or black bottoms).
Kennedy was open for in-person learning most of the last school year. But families in this working-class, majority Hispanic and Black school district in Waterbury, Conn., opted out in large numbers, with two-thirds of high school students ending last year fully online.
This year, only students with severe health concerns can qualify for remote learning, and so far no Kennedy families have been approved.
That means most juniors and seniors have returned to the building for the first time in 18 months. They are taller and more mature — sometimes physically unrecognizable, a counselor noted — but often reeling from what the pandemic has wrought: anxiety, economic precarity and academic struggle.
The school is teeming with over 1,300 students, more than before the pandemic, because of the closing of a nearby Catholic school and an influx of families moving from New York City in search of affordable housing.
The Times interviewed students and teachers at Kennedy to get a sense of what it’s like to be back after such a tumultuous year.
For more than a year, misinformation touting that ivermectin is effective at treating or preventing the coronavirus has run rampant across social media, podcasts and talk radio. Even as the Food and Drug Administration has said that the drug is not approved to cure Covid and has warned people against taking it, media personalities who have cast doubt on coronavirus vaccines, like the podcaster Joe Rogan, have promoted ivermectin for that purpose.
The inaccuracies have led some people to overdose on certain formulations of the drug, which has then stretched doctors and hospitals. And the false claims have even caused problems for veterinarians, who regularly use the medicine for the animal treatments that it was approved for.
While certain versions of ivermectin can treat head lice and other ailments in people, other formulations — which come in forms such as liquid and paste — are common across the equine and livestock industries as ways to get rid of worms and parasites.
People are increasingly trying to obtain those animal products to ward off or treat the coronavirus, according to farmers, ranchers and suppliers.
Overwhelmed by orders, one farm supply store in Las Vegas started selling the medicine only to customers who could prove that they had a horse. In California, a rancher was told that the backlog of orders was so large that she was 600th in line for the next batch.
The dearth has led some farm owners, ranchers and veterinarians to switch to generic or more expensive alternatives for their animals. Others have turned to expired ivermectin or stockpiled the drug.
Romania recorded its highest-yet number of daily coronavirus cases on Tuesday — the same day that the country’s government began a campaign to offer vaccine booster shots to a population in which only about 33 percent of adults are fully inoculated.
The record 11,049 confirmed new cases came as areas around the country face a possible return to harsher restrictions. And hospitals are filling up: Of 1,336 intensive care unit beds set aside for Covid-19 patients nationwide, only 26 are currently empty.
Valeriu Gheorghita, the head of Romania’s national coronavirus vaccination campaign, said at a news conference on Tuesday, “We need to be responsible in the next period.”
“We need the involvement of each of us to follow the rules and get vaccinated, given that through vaccination we avoid the risk of severe cases, the risk of hospitalization, the risk of death and the risk of spreading the virus,” he added.
Romania’s caseload has grown sharply in recent weeks, with the country reporting around 1,500 new cases per day at the start of September.
The country is second only to Bulgaria among E.U. member states when it comes to low vaccine uptake: Romania’s rate is less than half the bloc average of 72 percent of adults fully inoculated. In recent months, Romania has sold or given away millions of doses before they expired as the authorities struggle to persuade people to have the shots.
But the uptake of boosters, which as of Tuesday are being offered to anyone who wants one, was relatively high.
As of noon on Tuesday, 13,963 people had received a third vaccine dose — higher than the total number of vaccine shots administered most days in Romania in recent months. A further 25,000 people are already scheduled to receive the extra shots.
Romania has had more than 36,000 Covid-related deaths since the pandemic began, according to the Our World in Data project at the University of Oxford. But although low rates of infection over the summer may have created a false sense of security, that is likely to change fast.
Romania’s capital, Bucharest, is nearing the infection rate at which the government has said that schools will have to return to online learning and that stricter measures will have to be reintroduced, including a nighttime weekend curfew.
Many other cities could follow.
“It is important to understand that the Delta variant is spreading so fast,” Mr. Gheorghita said, “that for people who have no protection, the risk of becoming infected in the next period is very high.”
A popular shaman in Sri Lanka who claimed to be able to cure coronavirus patients with a holy water died last week after being infected with the virus, a health ministry official said this weekend.
The shaman, known as Eliyantha Lindsay White, was not vaccinated. He died on Wednesday after being taken to a hospital, the official said.
Mr. White was an influential and divisive figure in Sri Lanka, where about 53 percent of people have been fully vaccinated against the coronavirus, according to the Our World in Data project at the University of Oxford. The shaman, who was 48, practiced alternative medicine involving questionable potions whose ingredients were never publicly disclosed.
Some high-ranking officials in the Sri Lankan government and several professional athletes have said publicly that they believed in Mr. White’s healing powers. But he was denounced by medical professionals.
“There is no credible evidence to show if there was a positive result from his work,” said Dr. Samantha Ananda, a spokeswoman for the Government Medical Officers’ Association, a major trade union for doctors in Sri Lanka. “We do not recommend anything that is not proven in a scientific method.”
Dr. Ananda said that the politicians who had publicly endorsed Mr. White might have done so to ingratiate themselves with his legion of fans.
Contact information for Mr. White’s family was not available, and a telephone message left with a person close to the family was not returned.
In November, three ministers in Sri Lanka’s government, including a former health minister, were shown on video throwing pots containing Mr. White’s holy water into several rivers that serve as the main sources of drinking water in the country. Mr. White had said that ingesting the concoction would cure Covid-19.
Pavithra Wanniarachchi, the former health minister, subsequently contracted the virus and spent two weeks in intensive care, according to the BBC. None of the three ministers in the video responded to phone calls seeking comment.
